Understanding Smart Writing Services

Understanding Smart Writing ServicesSmart writing services are out there and while they may not appear to be as easy to find as the services that offer copy writing or copy editing, it is a great idea to explore all of your options before you make a final decision. After all, they are your most important investment, so take your time and make sure that you know exactly what you are getting before you get started.Some people may look at the term 'smart writing' and think that it refers to the ability to write well, something that would give them a potential success. But that is not always the case. For instance, if you have the kind of writing that is known for being difficult to understand, you could find yourself spending hours a day just trying to figure out what is going on in the document.But if you find the right service, you will be able to get a good understanding of the work that has been done and you will be able to figure out how to make it work. That can be invaluable when you are trying to sell a product, become more effective at your job, or become even more efficient at doing it.Of course, you should also be aware that while writing services do exist, there are some that will do very little more than simply 'guesstimate' your salary and produce an estimate. Other services will try to sell you a product that is of no interest to you, no matter how much you might want it. Even worse, you could find yourself with an estimated bill that is far more than you are actually worth.The best thing you can do is look at a few different ones and decide which one best fits your needs. You should never feel pressured into signing anything. By doing this, you will find that you are in control of your future and you will have greater insight into how things are going to work out.Smart writing services can also help you determine how much money you need to put into your business or job. So it is especially important to choose someone who is going to help you make a decision that is going to benefit you and not just be sold on the idea that you have to hire them.In conclusion, smart writing services can help you learn about your own writing abilities and increase your overall productivity. This can be a wonderful experience and you will definitely be better off for it.

The Ethical Issues Of Healthcare - 1851 Words

Ethical Issues in Healthcare Part One (1.1) In the healthcare profession various dilemmas can be encountered, sometimes everyday that put a professional in a position where they must make certain choices that can be classified as difficult or complicated depending on the individual or the situation. In the nursing profession not only do they have to consider the welfare of the patients but they also have to regard their wishes, which may create a conflict of interests in regards to promotion of well-being which would lead to the importance of informed consent. Respect for a person s autonomy as well as respect for the individual are essential requirements; however so is promoting public interest. Ethics is determined as making valued judgements to the means or end of care in order to ‘be a good nurse’. Furthermore code of conducts within nursing are based around principle ethics as well as medical ethics and states the rules the professional must abide by. It has involved or created various debates or complex issues that can be frequently argued; for example, euthanasia and whether is should be legalised in the United Kingdom, as it is in other countries. (Berridge, P. et al Liddle, C. 2010 p29-42). Two theories into ethics and how actions can be justified are known as deontological and utilitarian (also consequential) approaches. These two theories look at situations from different perspectives. Deontology is a moral theory that coincides with moral laws and commonShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of The Healthcare Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Systems in Healthcare Ethical Issues in Healthcare â€Å"If you don’t have integrity, you have nothing. You can’t buy it. You can have all the money in the world, but if you are not a moral and ethical person, you really have nothing†. –Henry Kravis - The American healthcare system delivers some of the finest care in the world. However, despite the high level of achievement delivered from the American healthcare system, it is afflicted with problems. Ethical issues that occur in the healthcareRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare1205 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Issues in Healthcare Technological and scientific advancement have become areas of great exponential change in the last century. The reverberations of this change is seen throughout nearly all aspects of human life from social evolution to the dynamics of education. Perhaps the most relevant alterations to humanity overall has been seen in areas concerning health, and our biological lives as humans in modernized cultures. The advancements in technology and science have directly translatedRead MoreEthical And Ethical Issues Of The Healthcare Professionals767 Words   |  4 Pagesto be confronted with ethical and legal issues in their daily practice. In order to protect the legal and ethical rights of the patient the health care professional must be knowledgeable about ethical principles (Guido, 2014). Ethics involves the principles or assumptions underpinning the way individuals or group ought to conduct themselves; ethics is concerned with motives and attitudes and the relationship of these attitudes to the individual (Guido, 2014). The healthcare professionals shouldRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare716 Words   |  3 PagesEthical Issue Facing Health Care: Electronic Patient Records One of the main ethical issues that faces health care is the security of patient information. This information is protected by laws and regulations such as HIPPA, but there are still concerns Scott, et al, 2005). Among those concerns is the new concept of electronic patient records and information. These records are designed to help hospitals and doctors get patient information more quickly, so that patients can receive treatment as soonRead MoreEthical Healthcare Issues Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: ETHICAL HEALTHCARE Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper Wanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policiesRead MoreEthical Issues in Modern Healthcare1071 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the key issues in modern healthcare is not only advocacy and patient care, but keeping patients safe and free from harm. Globally, there are skyrocketing costs due to technology, wages, research and development, and an aging population. Much of the responsibility for patient safety, though, goes to the clear and direct responsibilities of the many professionals working in healthcare. Modern healthcare can be a rewarding, but challenging, career choice. Under the paradigm of quality healthRead MoreThe Ethical And Legal Issues Of Healthcare1680 Words   |  7 Pagesamong the largest ethic al and legal issues in healthcare. There is a concern as to whether or not there will be enough medications to go around in the future and how will these limited quantities be distributed. When shortages happen it is usually because economic incentive for a manufacturer is down. Money is king and if there is no profit to be made in manufacturing these medications then manufactures will not waste production time on them. Drug shortages will be a prevailing issue unless we canRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Healthcare System1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The healthcare system is faced with many ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. There are basic principles in health care that every health care worker should practice to ensure safety and to protect the rights of others. This begins with confidentiality. Providing patient privacy and confidentiality are essential to promoting a bond between patients and his or her practitioners as well as preserving the patient’s dignity (Edge Grove, 2007). Under some circumstances, patient’s personal informationRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Within Healthcare2077 Words   |  9 PagesReproductive Ethics – Terminations Terminations have always been an ethical issue within healthcare as a lot of people feel that it is morally wrong to end a life and feel that terminating a pregnancy is morally wrong euthanasia of a child. However, there are lots of reasons why a woman would want to terminate, such as rape or unplanned pregnancy. This essay will look at the ethical issues from both sides of the argument as well as how this topic is linked to legislation within the UK. The EqualityRead MoreThe Ethical Issues of Healthcare Industry2043 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do. Ethics and its subsequent practice have been a very contentious issue in American society of late. Our current economic resulted almost entirely of excessive greed and unethical actions of key financial institutions. As a result of their lack of integrity, the entire world economy has subsequently suffered in a very severe manner. Many have lost their homes; even more have lost their retirement savings

Ford Motor Company Case Analysis - 1104 Words

The current situation of the Ford Motor Company, revenue of $44 billion, 6 percent above second quarter 2006. The company net income of $750 million, or 31 cents per share. Profit of $258 million, or 13 cents per share, from continuing operations excluding special items. There was a significant year-over-year improvement for all automotive operations. Ford Motor Credit pre-tax profit of $112 million. Cost reductions of $600 million; $1.1 billion through the first half of 2007. There was automotive gross cash at June 30, 20015 of $37.4 billion. Ford Motor Company sales and revenue over the last three years has fluctuated tremendously, 2005 was 176.8 billion, 160.1 billion and for the year of 2006 and 172.5 billion for 2007. The current return on investment is -10.4. The Fortune 500 list for 2014 features Ford Motor Co. at number eight. The Artifacts of Ford Motor Ford Motor Company current mission statement is â€Å"committed to provide personal mobility for people around the world†. With that in mind their vision is to become the world’s leading Consumer Company for automotive products and services. By improving everything they do, the company provide superior returns to their shareholders (Vision, Mission, Values). Ford Motor Company s objective is to deliver a total return to shareholders in the top quarterly of the SP 500 over time. The company will meet this goal by the transformation into the world s leading consumer company for automotive products and services whichShow MoreRelatedFord Motor Company Written Case Analysis2381 Words   |  10 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. Case Question 2-8 2.1 Define and discuss Fords business-level strategy. How can the companys value-chain activities be better linked to create value for the company? 2.2 How can Ford successfully position itself in terms of the five forces of competition? 2.3 In what ways can the company effectively manage customer relationships to increase strategic competitiveness? 2.4 What conditions and toolsRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1230 Words   |  5 Pages Company Summary: The Ford Motor Company is one of the most largest and profitable U.S. automakers in the world. Today the company headquarters operates in the Motor City, located in Dearborn, Michigan. The Ford Corporation was found by Henry Ford back in 1903, after a disagreement with his financial investors. He then decided to pursue his passion for owning his own business. The Ford Company designs and manufactures durable automobiles, automotive components, and systems. This corporation isRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the late twentieth century, the Ford Motor Company received numerous complaints regarding incidents involving their vehicles. Consumers of Ford vehicles reported that at least one of their tires spontaneous blew out while driving at highway speeds; more often than not, these accidents resulted in the driver losing control and rolling the vehicle, causing injury or death. After numerous lawsuits, lawyers began to notice a trend. Through multiple clients, they observed the majority of incidentsRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1842 Words   |  8 PagesDepartment FROM: Sawyer Folks, Business Analyst DATE: April 27, 2015 SUBJECT: Ford Motor Company Background The Ford Motor Company has had a rather tarnished legal history. Ford got into some hot water in the 1990s and 2000s over multiple safety scandals. One of these scandals occurred in 1996 and involved faulty ignition switches that would short and cause fires. The ignition switch scandal then led to Ford being sued by State Farm for neglecting to release information about the faulty ignitionRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Ford Motor Company (Ford or â€Å"the company) is an American automotive producer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The company was founded on June 16, 1903, by Henry Ford. The Ford Motor Company manufactures and sells commercial vehicles, luxury cars, Standard Utility Vehicles (SUVs), and automotive parts all over the world. Known for their size, geography, and business model, Ford is often referred to as one of the â€Å"Big Three,† along with General Motors and Chrysler AutomobilesRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1788 Words   |  8 PagesFord Motor Company is one of the top automotive companies in the world. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford who wanted to develop some kind of transportation for the individual convenience and to make the product affordable. In 1909, Ford Motor Company manufactured its first automobile called the Model T. This was a big success among the regional especially in Detroit where it all began. As the popular for the Model T rose, Ford had to increase its production to keep up with demand. The companyRead MoreCase Analysis Report Ford Motor Company and Firestone3599 Words   |  15 PagesCase Analysis Report In August 2000, Ford Motor Company and Firestone Tire Company recalled 6.5 Million ATX and AT tires that had been installed on Ford’s Explorer model SUV. At the time, it appeared as though Ford and Firestone were doing the right thing. They had found out that the tread separated on Ford Explorers in states with intense heat, such as Florida and Texas. However, it later came to light that both Ford and Firestone had known about these problems earlier than 2000 and that FordRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1611 Words   |  7 PagesFord Motor Co. Casey T, Blackburn Business 104 Business Organization Management Dr. Earl Murray Jr. 1 November 2015 Abstract I hope that this meets the intent of this paper and that you learn something new about the management of an organization that I have the most interest in. I wanted to discuss how the lessons that we have covered during this class are used and demonstrated in a large worldwide company such as Ford Motor Co. Ford Motor Co. Ford’s Motor Company History Ford Motor CompanyRead MoreFirestone and Ford Case Analysis Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesIssue II. Questions for Case analysis a. What are the ethical and social issues in this case? b. Who are the stakeholders and what are their stakes? How do legitimacy, power, and urgency factor in? Do these companies care about consumers? Discuss. c. Conduct a CSR analysis of both Firestone and Ford. How do they measure up in fulfilling their various social responsibilities? d. Who is at fault in the tire separation controversy? Bridgestone / Firestone? Ford Motor Company? The NHTSA? IIIRead MoreLegal Analysis Grimshaw V Ford Motor Company1449 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Analysis Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company Facts In 1972 a Ford Pinto, purchased six months prior, unexpectedly stalled on the freeway in California. The Pinto was hit from behind by a Ford Galaxy, erupting into flames instantly. The driver of the car, Lilly Gray, suffered from fatal burns and died a few days later in the hospital. The passenger, a 13-year old boy named Richard Grimshaw, was also severely injured from burns, which caused his face and body to be permanently disfigured. After

Strategies Implemented In Bellini Italian-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Issue Presented in Bellini Italian restaurant. Answer: Background The background provided in the case study is that Bellini Italian Restaurant is a restaurant located in Main Street, CBD, Capital City, Australia. It has the capacity to accommodate 78 seats and promotes the food theme of authentic Italian. The chef and the owner of the restaurant is Francesco Del Piero. The chef has designed the style of menu as A La Carte and has computed the average daily guest turnover as 39. The major issue that currently concerns the owner of the restaurant is that the restaurant seems very quite during the mid-week period. Francesco wants to utilize the management and leadership skills that he possesses to restructure the restaurant and increase business. He has proposed a new concept in terms of menu for the restaurant, that is, all you can eat buffet. The sole purpose behind such a strategy is increasing the overall profitability and the volume of sales of the business. The owner feels that the reduction in some of the menu prices may lead to reduction in the contribution margin per unit of food. Therefore, he resorts to the solution of increasing the sales revenue from the beverages and expanding the associated client base. This study aims to provide an overview into the profitability and effectiveness of the decision taken by the owner/chef. All you can eat strategy and its likely effect The strategy undertaken by Francesco to introduce the style of the menu offered by the restaurant, as all you can eat buffet is a wise and well thought plan by the owner of the restaurant. Francesco implements the newly introduced menu style into the schedule of business and decides to introduce the concept on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evenings at $28.90 per person and children at $12.50 each. The introduction of a buffet concept is very likely to increase sales during the mid week. The concept of a buffet menu itself will attract customers thus expanding the customer base as desired by the owner of the restaurant. However, Francesco should determine the prices of the various food items included in the buffet menu, more or less accurately. This is because the price tagged for an adult and a child for selecting the buffet style of menu should be determined in such a way that even if a particular customer exceeds the estimated consumption margin, the price paid by the other customers compensate for this extra cost incurred (Dopson and Hayes 2015). Now, if Francesco determines the prices wrongly then this particular turnaround strategy may ultimately be the major reason for the downfall of business. The prices determined should not only cover for the cost of production of food but also for the cases of excess consumption in relation to the budgeted estimates. A well-known tec hnique applied in case of a buffet menu is the ABC inventory approach. This particular approach states that A items, that are the most expensive in the menu should not comprise of more than 20% of the total available product. B items, which belong to the mid price range should not comprise of more than 30% of the total available product and C items, which are the least expensive should account for 50% of the total offerings (Tse and Poon 2017) Therefore, provided all the proceedings are carried out accurately and with exact precision, the buffet style of menu is likely to be a success. Key information to be monitored to measure the results of this strategy The key information to be monitored to measure the results of the implemented strategy is that the owner of the business should be vigilant towards developing a pattern or trend as to the nature of customers that visit the restaurant on the respective days of Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. For instance, it is being assumed that the scheduled day of practice for the local football team is on Monday and after practice, the team visits the restaurant for all you can eat buffet. Now, Tuesday observes a gang of high school goers who seem to stop at the restaurant in the evening for a quick bite at the all you can eat buffet. Again, on Wednesday the restaurant receives a random crowd comprising mostly of people between the age group of high thirties to low forties. This implies that the amount of food consumed by the members of the football team will definitely be more than the amount consumed by the gang of high school goers (Alonso and Mariani 2017). Therefore, proper monitoring on the part of the owner or the management of the restaurant will help in determining the amount of food made available (in accordance to the ABC inventory approach) and the prices to be determined according to the rate of consumption by the different categories of the customers. Monitoring should be primarily related to customer visitation and perception; food production process and how to deal with carry over and wastes; the contribution margin of the different menu styles and the overall effect on the sales volume and profitability (Heo 2016). Customer visitation and perception Customer visitation and perception regarding the newly introduced menu is very important. An important part of the service sector is feedback. Feedback from the targeted band of customers is the foundation on which any industry in the service sector thrives. The feedback by the customer should encompass the areas, in regards to the entire buffet experience; the quality of the food offered; and the quality of the experience, on the whole. Monitoring all these trends and feedbacks related to business should be what about which Francesco should be vigilant. The nature of the customers that visit the restaurant after the implemented change and their perception in regards to the new style of menu should be monitored and analyzed (Heo et al.,2013) Food production process and how to deal with carry overs and waste As mentioned in the case study, the monthly reports show the actual food cost to be 32%. Food costs refer to the costs that are associated with producing the food items that is ordered by a particular customer. Thus, it is apparently evident that the food costs are high and continuous monitoring of these costs may highlight the exact location where the extra cost is incurred by business. These may be reasons like excess price of the raw materials, economic inflation, lack of optimum utilization of the available resources (Ivanov 2014). The amount of food that is included in each session of the buffet, the amount to be added, if required and food left to waste at the end of each buffet menu should also be monitored in order to determine the optimum production amount (Kim et al., 2015) The different contribution margins (buffet vs. a la carte) The monitoring of the contribution margin obtained by the buffet and the old menu style, that is, a la carte, should be compared within a regular interval of time in order to determine whether the adoption of the new strategy is turning out to be a success for business. This means that the contribution margin generated by each style of menu has to be computed. The contribution margin must be calculated by deducting the variable costs from the respective revenue generated (Kim, Li and Brymer 2016) The overall effect on the sale volume and profitability The overall effect on the sale volume and profitability should also be monitored. The preparation of the essential financial statements and the significant ratios related to profitability of business and the other related important factors like the revenue related to sales generated by business after the implementation of the new strategy should be monitored regularly. The business owner may assign the rigorous task of monitoring, to an employee, as this is the most crucial step in assessing the success of the new strategy (Kimes 2016). Strategies to improve the overall profitability of the restaurant The strategy to improve the overall profitability of the restaurant is that the owner of the restaurant may consider ways to reduce the food costs. This will increase the percentage of revenue earned by the restaurant without having to increase the prices of the food items. The owner may also consider developing a feedback method which will create a proper channel for receiving the backward communication that has been transmitted by the customers. Analysis of business, especially in the restaurant industry, based on feedback by the customers is crucial (Kwok and Yu 2013). Francesco should also consider effectively utilizing the food that has been rendered unused after serving all the customers in a particular buffet session. The owner should look into the internal proceedings of business and should try to find out the root cause for the increased food costs. Lastly, the owner should also consider advertisement and promotion of the new menu style (like publications on the social media) so that the existing client base gets expanded, ultimately leading to increased revenue from business. The business owner may also consider increasing the price of the beverages for gaining more revenues (Tse and Poon, 2017) Conclusion Therefore, as concluded from the above information and analyses, the new style of menu will successfully attract more and more customers, provided that all the required estimations have been executed properly. The accurate computation of the food costs and other profitability components; designing the menu according to the pattern of customer visitation and perception and appropriate pricing of the food items will surely result in increase in revenue generation by business. Recommendations The particular recommendation in a situation as described in the case study is that the owner of the restaurant should be patient with the results generated by the strategic plan of buffet. This is because the modification of the buffet menu may be essential in order to suit the changing tastes and preferences of the customers. Thus, the owner should be patient with the returns generated by the new style of menu, as it would take the stipulated time to be a success and generate estimated revenues. References Alonso, A.D. and Mariani, S., 2017. Complexity, change and the restaurant business: a case study from Montevideo, Uruguay. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 5(4), pp.351-369. Dopson, L.R. and Hayes, D.K., 2015. Food and beverage cost control. John Wiley Sons. Heo, C.Y., 2016. Exploring group-buying platforms for restaurant revenue management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, pp.154-159. Heo, C.Y., Lee, S., Mattila, A. and Hu, C., 2013. Restaurant revenue management: do perceived capacity scarcity and price differences matter?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, pp.316-326. Ivanov, S.H., 2014. Hotel revenue management: From theory to practice. Browser Download This Paper. Kim, S., Koh, Y., Cha, J. and Lee, S., 2015. Effects of social media on firm value for US restaurant companies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 49, pp.40-46. Kim, W.G., Li, J.J. and Brymer, R.A., 2016. The impact of social media reviews on restaurant performance: The moderating role of excellence certificate. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, pp.41-51. Kimes, S.E., 2016. The evolution of hotel revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 15(3-4), pp.247-251. Kwok, L. and Yu, B., 2013. Spreading social media messages on Facebook: An analysis of restaurant business-to-consumer communications. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), pp.84-94. Tse, T.S. and Poon, Y.T., 2017. Modeling no-shows, cancellations, overbooking, and walk-ins in restaurant revenue management. Journal of foodservice business research, 20(2), pp.127-145.

Salvador Dali Essays - Salvador Dal, Dali, The Persistence Of Memory

Salvador Dali Salvador Dali was born on May 11, 1904. He was a leader in the new movement of art in the early 20th century called Surrealism. In 1921 Dali studied at the San Fernando Acadamy of Fine Arts in Madrid. Here he was able to associate and learn from such Spanish modernists as Fedrico Garcia Lorca, and Luis Bundel. He also was influenced by Italian futurists and the metaphysical paintings of Giorgio de Chirico. In his early works, however, Dali gave credit to his own Catalan sense of fantasy and his megalomania as being his true motivating forces. Dali left the San Fernando Acadamy of Fine Arts in 1926, and move to Paris where he frequented the Cafe Cyrano, which was the OheadquartersO of t the Parisan surrealists. In 1929 Cafe Cyrano featured an exhibit of Dali's own surrealist paintings. Dali was also fascinated with the writings of psychologist Sigmund Freud. He was so moved by Frued's theory that he subsequently vowed to his life's ambition to "systemize confusion". Dali is best known for his surrealist works. Surrealism is an art style in which imagery is based on fantasy and the world of dreams. It is thought have grown out of the French literary movement in the 1920's and has it's roots in Dadaism. These painters developed a dreamlike, or hallucinatory, imagery that was all the more startling for its highly realistic rendering. Some of Dali's better known paintings are: "Persistence Of Memory" also know popularly as "Soft Watches" (1931), and "The Sacrament Of The Last Supper" (1955). These Paintings have become part of the definitive record of 20th Century art. Dali used many mediums to illustrate his inspirations. His most popular of course are his paintings, but he also used such media as jewelry, advertisements, beer-bottle designs, ballet sets, and costumes. Dali also experimented his talents in film as well. In 1928 he and childhood mentor Luis Bundel produced the famous surrealist film OUn Chein AndalouO (An Andalusian Dog). He and Bundel teamed up once again in 1931 for "L'Age d'or" (The Age Of Gold). Dali was easily recognized all over the world. He was know for eccentric yet styleish apparel always accompanied by a flowing cape, and a handlebar mustache, and popping eyes. Salvador Dali lead a long life in which he influenced people everywhere he went. In 1989 Dali died at age 86, a tremendous loss for the art community.

Peace and Democracy US Impacts in the Middle East

Peace and Democracy US Impacts in the Middle East Introduction During the cold war era, the United States of America and the United Social Soviet Union embarked on an arms race that put the entire world in a state of dilemma.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Democracy: US Impacts in the Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the era came to an end without the death of any individual as a result of direct confrontation of the two powers, its after effects left the involved nations to have adverse deficits on their budgets amongst other technicalities. However, one thing that became clear after the end of the cold war is the fact that the United States of America remained to be the worlds strongest single force (Maguire, 2009). Since the end of the cold war, USA has had a number of political interests on several regions of the world. To be particular, USA has had a huge interest in the Middle East. From the political interest that the worlds su per power has on the world the region coupled by the policies that the nation has developed towards its actions in the region and the natives, it is evident that the fact that a nation has supreme powers may have huge impacts on other nations whether positive or negative. However, the aim is to determine the view of those individuals who are for the rules and policies that the United States has formulated towards the Middle East and its impacts on the region and those individuals who are against US policies and activities on the region. To determine this, this paper shall focus on the reign of Bill Clinton and the impacts of the Clinton government in the Middle East and compare the same activities during George W. Bush administration. This analysis shall provide a clear platform as to the factors that determine the foreign relation policies that the US comes develops with regards to US foreign policy interests. US Interests in the Middle East After the end of the cold war, USA has c ome up with a number of foreign policies that affect the Middle East in one way or the other. It is due to this fact that several debates with regards to the US foreign policies have always emerged.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the main foreign policies that the US has advanced to support its activities in the Middle East is to encourage and fight for democracy in the region (Maguire, 2009). This may seem as a genuine political move that aims at improving the political, social, cultural and economic status of the region. However, the above initiative can be viewed from different perspective. The Neo-Isolationist approach is the first perspective that can be used to view the situation. According to the people who support this ideology, the conflict that arose between Israel and its Arab neighbours is a regional affair. Such matters fall under the juris diction of regional bodies that have the power and mandate to come up with mediation to calm down the situation and formulate long lasting solutions to the conflict. Thus, according to the people who are in favour of this approach, USA did not have the mandate or the jurisdiction to be involved in such issues (Maguire, 2009). However, since the US involved itself in the issue political critics have always stated that the United States foreign policies on the issue are in favour of the Israeli government. This is the very same strategy that Islamist terrorist recruiters exploit while integrating new followers into their armies. Thus, the people who believe in this school of thought advocate for the US government to cease getting involved in the issues of the Middle East. According to them, the involvement of USA in the Middle East has brought about animosity from a few influential people in the region who use the shortcomings of US foreign policies to their advantage. Such people nor mally do not look at the efforts to the United States in bringing peace and advocating for democracy in the region but look at the policies that the US has for the region and use it against USA and its initiatives in the region (Maguire, 2009). According to Neo-Isolationists, this has been the main factor that has encouraged anti-Americanism among local communities in the Middle East despite the fact that the United States is in most cases engaged in peaceful negotiations of peace and democracy in the region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace and Democracy: US Impacts in the Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another perspective that can be used to describe the engagement of the United States of America in the Middle East and its resultant foreign policies is the national interest perspective. According to the people who believe in this theory, the United States is involved with the Middle East in orde r to sustain its political, economic, diplomatic and military interests (Maguire, 2009). According to this theory, the United States develops stable relationships with bodies that play a critical role in the international system. Once this is achieved, the United States shall only be involved in regional conflicts such as the one in the Middle East only if such an issue affects other the United States or its interest. This includes the world economy and the status of its allies. This will ensure that the world economy is maintained and at the same time, USA shall still be able to access and secure its oil interest in the Persian Gulf (Maguire, 2009). This doctrine has been put into practice with Theodore Roosevelt and George H. W. Bush who, during their reign as the presidents of the United States, ensured that the interest of the United States of America have been kept first in all matters. Thus, in accordance to this belief, the United States is involved in the conflicts of the Mi ddle East for economic and military reasons. The nation has developed foreign policies that will ensure that their oil interests are kept intact. In addition, the department of defence is particularly interested with the Middle East. Due to this fact, the department of defence has formed alliance with local governments in the region. In the process, the military is normally engaged in local mission within the gulf region. In addition, the military also gets access to ample resources that are essential in reducing the cost of development of warfare weaponry. The vast lands that are available in the region also provide a serine environment for testing these weapons and training the US military. In the course of these actions, the United States involvement in the Middle East also strives to ensure that Israel remains as a sovereign state. Thus, the need to secure its national interests thus plays a critical role in shaping the foreign policies of USA especially with regards to the Midd le East. The Clinton Administration During the 1992 presidential campaign, Clinton came up with a strategic plan that managed him to attract majority of the US voters. In his campaign, Bill Clinton focused on democratic development; a strategy that made his campaign to take a different approach as compared to his rival, George W. H. Bush. His new strategy and ideas were against the realism ideas that Bush was advocating for.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process, Clinton managed to have more supporters, a move that made him to win the presidential elections of 1992 (Maguire, 2009). As a result of his democratic ideas, Clinton managed to gather the support of individuals from different cultures, backgrounds and political ideologies. For instance, Clinton managed to gather the support of neoconservatives Joshua Muravchik being one of them. Muravchik had developed to be an influential conservative and in the process, he had gathered the support of many individuals who wanted to end the reign of Saddam Hussein (Maguire, 2009). The neoconservatives however felt that George H. W. Bush had let them down since he failed to deliver a New World Order, a promise that he had made to the American people. As a result, neoconservatives turned to Clinton for hope. However, Clinton would also disappoint the neoconservatives. The reign of President Clinton was marked with a remarkable accord in a bid to fight for peace in the Middle East. In S eptember 1993, the Oslo Declaration of Principles was signed in Washington DC in the presence of Bill Clinton, Yasser Arafat who was the chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Yitzhak Rabin, the Israeli prime minister. The Oslo Declaration of Principles was the framework which the two parties in the Israel-Arab conflict would base their negotiations on in the process of trying to achieve peace between the two parties. The Oslo Declaration of Principles was signed in the United States. However, USA had not been involved in its initial developments. Therefore, the fact that USA was involved in the last minute in this peace initiative developed negative attitudes from Israeli-Palestinian veto players. In addition, this move led to the development of Islamist terror groups that posed danger both to the United States and to its regional partners. Therefore, policy makers in Washington DC had the challenge of coping with the short-term effect development of resistan ce from Islamist terror groups and long-term effect of political reformation in the affected states. Although at that time it was not visible, the role played by regional actors in the efforts to bring peace between Israel and Palestine provided a conducive environment for the development of conflicts between the parties involved. In addition, the fact that the United States spearheaded the Oslo Declaration of Principles would have adverse effects especially from regional actors. It is due to this fact that Laura Drake asserted that these two issues that seem to be so apart from one another would intersect in the process of mediation (Maguire, 2009). In addition, Drake asserted that the fact that USA supports undemocratic states in its efforts to achieve peace in the Middle East would definitely undermine all its diplomatic efforts in the region. The Senate committee that was in charge of foreign affairs saw the authenticity of these allegations and published a report on the same. I n this report, the main question that was posed was whether local Islamist movements played a critical role in the peace process in the Middle East. However, this issue was not considered given the fact that the United States foreign policy to such issues normally focused on its national interests. In such a process therefore, the initiatives of USA in the region normally undermine the political activities of local groups and put a lot of its emphasis on its national interests. Therefore, with regards to this, USA pressed on with its efforts to solve the Israel-Arab conflict without neglecting the Arab democratic wave that had developed during the Eastern Europe revolutions after the end of the cold war. The outcomes of this issue led to the release of the National Security Strategy of 1996. According to this strategy, the US government had developed a foreign policy based on the concept of engagement and enlargement (Maguire, 2009). However, political analysts and critics suggested that this strategy ignored the interest of influential stakeholders and most importantly, it lacked direction. They viewed this strategy and the policies that supported it as a means of encouraging democracy in the Middle East to ensure that these regimes are based on a market economy that will provide a serine environment for the US government to benefit from its Middle East interest. Therefore, in the eyes of many analysts, this strategy mainly focused on the United States domestic agendas (Maguire, 2009). However, as the USA continued with its efforts of democratizing the Middle East, it experienced a huge obstacle. This was a clash of civilization that was brought about by a huge conflict between Islam and the influence from the West. This thus led to the development of extremist and radical regimes in the Middle East. These acts came true as per Laura Drakes prediction. As a result of the intense conflicts between the two groups, Clinton declared a state of emergency as a resu lt of the increased violence that aimed to disrupt the peace process between Israel and Palestine. In addition, he froze all the assets of individuals who were linked to any terror group that supported these acts of violence in the region. The Bush Administration George W. Bush became the president of the United States in the year 2000. A year later on September 11th 2001, USA experienced the most lethal terror attacks that have ever been witnessed in the history of the nation. A day later on CNN, Abdullah II, the King of Jordan, in his statement, asserts that these attacks would not have occurred if Israel and Palestine has come into a consensus at the camp David summit that was held on the summer of the year 2000 (Maguire, 2009). However, Dennis Ross who was the special envoy to the Middle East during the Clintons administration stated that the two incidences were completely unrelated. He believed that Osama bin Laden had used the situation to his advantage to ensure that his prop agandistic ideas are realized. Thus, the prevailing political reformation process in the Middle East gave local politicians within the region to bring out their differences that in most cases did not have the interests of Palestinians at hand. However, the debate that was at hand at this time was the responsibilities of the United States on the attacks. Many scholars believed its involvement in the democratization of the region played a critical role in the development of Islamic threats. As Martin Kramer asserted, the United States would have suspected of such attacks and that the nation should be prepared for even tougher times ahead (Maguire, 2009). This was due to the huge growth of anti-Americanism in the region. Daniel Brumberg presented a different strategy that would solve the issue. He stated that a time had come of the United States government to differential between Islamists and national ideologues. To ensure this strategy was successful, the public in the Middle East wa s not to be involved in the prevailing politics. This brought about the suspicion of whether USA wanted to honestly push for political reforms in the Middle East. Thus, at this time, the national interest perspective of the United States had failed. According to an article that was published in the Foreign Affairs, Martin Indyk admitted that the United States has seen a window of opportunity in the Israel-Palestine negotiations (Maguire, 2009). This made them to push back the democratic demands of the region. However, as a result of their actions, adverse consequences have occurred and this time, it was in US soil. These acts were regarded to as a threat to the national security of the United States. This therefore made the political reformation process in the Middle East to be a matter of national interest to the United States. This view was supported by most policy makers in Washington DC. There were also anti-Israeli and anti-America protests in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. These prot estors viewed Americans as infidels while the Arab nationalists viewed them as imperialists. This division of interest provided a serine environment for terrorists such as Osama bin Laden to have an easy time to support their activities. These issues made it necessary for the United States to reconsider the Oslo process. However, the United States felt that Israel did not have a willing partner (Palestine) to ensure that the goals and objectives of the initiative were arrived at. To make matters worse, the Israeli navy managed to capture a Palestine vessel that was with over 50 tonnes of weaponry that had originated from Iran (Maguire, 2009). This clearly showed that Arafat supported the political war over the peace process. This made Ariel Sharon to ask President Bush not to welcome Yasser Arafat to the White House. This acts made President Bush to talk about the issue in his famous Rose Garden speech. In the speech, he advocated for a peaceful process to mediate the Israeli-Arab c onflict. To ensure that this is achieved, Bush supported the idea an independent Palestine state to push in for the renewal of Palestinian leadership. In addition, he also supported the UN reform of land for peace and urged for the end of the ongoing political war in the region. Thus, according to this speech, Bush viewed that it was essential for the region to have democracy as a tool that will push towards the development of peace between Israel and Palestine and the larger Middle East region. Conclusion Since the end of the cold war, the United States has focused its attention to the Middle East. The main aim of their interest in the region is to push for a political change in the region by bringing in the idea of democracy in the region. However, the actions of the nation in the region can be viewed on two different perspectives; the Neo-Isolationist and the national interest. Given these views, the United States involvement in the middle east has led to the development of sever al foreign policies during the Clintons and Bushs administrations in order to support their activities in the region. These policies have been formulated to safeguard the national securities and interest of USA within and outside of the country and to ensure that its democratic mission in the region is achieved. Maguire, Lori. The Foreign Policy Discourse in the United Kingdom and the United  States in the â€Å"New World Order.† Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Print.

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization Polina Gavrilova Brain Lateralization and Neural Networks in Bilinguals In recent years, various studies have been conducted on bilingualism in regard to the neural basis of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) processing. The new technical advances, such as position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are used to determine whether L1 and L2 share a common neural network or whether languages are represented in different areas of the brain (Dehaene et al., 1997; Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). Studies in neuropsychology have shown that for most people language processing takes place in the perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere. Research on bilinguals and polyglots who suffered brain injury revealed that occasionally aphasia affects only one of the languages that were previously acquired. This finding suggests that languages are represented in different parts of the brain (Paradis, 1995, cited in Perani et al., 1 998) and that L2 has reduced leftward lateralization (Albert Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). This paper examines whether L1 and L2 are supported by a common neural system or whether a dedicated cortical area represents each language. Furthermore, this paper identifies neural substrates activated by L1 and L2 during auditory, word production, and picture naming tasks. Dehaene et al. (1997) examined bilinguals (French-English) who acquired L2 after the age of seven. The researchers found that while listening to a task the superior temporal sulcus (STS), superior and middle temporal guri (STG and MTG), temporal pole (TP), and left angular gyrus (AG) were constantly activated in the left hemisphere for L1. STS and TP were also activated in the right hemisphere but it varied across subjects and the activation wasn’t as strong as in the left hemisphere. In addition, the neural pathway didn’t extend to AG. The findings for L2 showed greater inter-subject varia bility than for L1. The results of fMRI found that six subjects activated STS, STG, and MTG in the left temporal lobe for L2. However, the pixels of these activations were dispersed compared to the results for L1. The second language didn’t cause any activation in the left TP and AG. Also, some of the subjects didn’t show any neural activation in the left temporal region, which suggests that L2 is mostly dominated by their right hemisphere. The results also displayed that subjects activated additional resources while listening to L2. These additional sub-regions were the right STG and STS in the right temporal lobe. In addition, results of L2 showed that some subjects activated various networks outside the temporal lobe. Specifically, these subjects used the left inferior frontal gyrus, located in the Broca’s area, the inferior precentral sulcus, and the anterior cingulate. The research shows that L1 consistently activated the temporal lobe, especially stimulati ng the STS, STG, and MTG in the left hemisphere. Some subjects also activated these cerebral regions for L2 but with greater dispersion. Participants had strong leftward lateralization for L1 and inconsistent lateralization patterns for L2 across subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that L1 is represented in the left hemisphere for most people. Furthermore, the study suggests that late bilinguals require additional neural networks for L2. Therefore, some subjects recruited left inferior frontal gyrus, which is responsible for language production to help maintain L2 while processing it during tasks. The anterior cingulate was another additional resource, which is responsible for attention and control. This suggests that L2 is not as autonomic as L1 and subjects needed more resources and attention to process L2 (Pardo et al., 1990; Posner Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993, cited in Dehaene et al., 1997).