Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization Polina Gavrilova Brain Lateralization and Neural Networks in Bilinguals In recent years, various studies have been conducted on bilingualism in regard to the neural basis of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) processing. The new technical advances, such as position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are used to determine whether L1 and L2 share a common neural network or whether languages are represented in different areas of the brain (Dehaene et al., 1997; Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). Studies in neuropsychology have shown that for most people language processing takes place in the perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere. Research on bilinguals and polyglots who suffered brain injury revealed that occasionally aphasia affects only one of the languages that were previously acquired. This finding suggests that languages are represented in different parts of the brain (Paradis, 1995, cited in Perani et al., 1 998) and that L2 has reduced leftward lateralization (Albert Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). This paper examines whether L1 and L2 are supported by a common neural system or whether a dedicated cortical area represents each language. Furthermore, this paper identifies neural substrates activated by L1 and L2 during auditory, word production, and picture naming tasks. Dehaene et al. (1997) examined bilinguals (French-English) who acquired L2 after the age of seven. The researchers found that while listening to a task the superior temporal sulcus (STS), superior and middle temporal guri (STG and MTG), temporal pole (TP), and left angular gyrus (AG) were constantly activated in the left hemisphere for L1. STS and TP were also activated in the right hemisphere but it varied across subjects and the activation wasn’t as strong as in the left hemisphere. In addition, the neural pathway didn’t extend to AG. The findings for L2 showed greater inter-subject varia bility than for L1. The results of fMRI found that six subjects activated STS, STG, and MTG in the left temporal lobe for L2. However, the pixels of these activations were dispersed compared to the results for L1. The second language didn’t cause any activation in the left TP and AG. Also, some of the subjects didn’t show any neural activation in the left temporal region, which suggests that L2 is mostly dominated by their right hemisphere. The results also displayed that subjects activated additional resources while listening to L2. These additional sub-regions were the right STG and STS in the right temporal lobe. In addition, results of L2 showed that some subjects activated various networks outside the temporal lobe. Specifically, these subjects used the left inferior frontal gyrus, located in the Broca’s area, the inferior precentral sulcus, and the anterior cingulate. The research shows that L1 consistently activated the temporal lobe, especially stimulati ng the STS, STG, and MTG in the left hemisphere. Some subjects also activated these cerebral regions for L2 but with greater dispersion. Participants had strong leftward lateralization for L1 and inconsistent lateralization patterns for L2 across subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that L1 is represented in the left hemisphere for most people. Furthermore, the study suggests that late bilinguals require additional neural networks for L2. Therefore, some subjects recruited left inferior frontal gyrus, which is responsible for language production to help maintain L2 while processing it during tasks. The anterior cingulate was another additional resource, which is responsible for attention and control. This suggests that L2 is not as autonomic as L1 and subjects needed more resources and attention to process L2 (Pardo et al., 1990; Posner Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993, cited in Dehaene et al., 1997).

Personality Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personality Assessment - Essay Example Personality assessment is also vehemently supportive in the treatment process of the individuals; it is therefore the counselors and therapists lay stress upon knowing the domestic, environmental, racial, ethnic and religious background of the patients before starting the treatment procedure. Now, the counselors have also started enquiring about the sexual orientation of the individuals, as such kind of information is pertinent for the recommendation of treatment process of the patients. Personality predicts how a person will work—diligently, intelligently, cheerfully, and cooperatively. Personality affects the style or manner in which a person approaches his/her work; to the degree that a person must work with others—clients or fellow employees—this style matters greatly. (hoganassessments.com) INTP, INTJ, ENFJ, ENFP and others are the prominent personality categories, assessment of which is based upon the theoretical framework of the illustrious 20th century ps ychologist Karl Jung. Since personality assessment diagnosis is a very sensitive issue, the questionnaire must be developed in such a way that it should not hurt the feelings of the patient altogether.

Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing management - Essay Example Media group possesses half of the National rugby League shares. Furthermore, it is the main share holder of Brisbane Broncos together with Melbourne Storm in the rugby league. The media also owns several studios, broadcasting channels, as well as satellite televisions and internet providing companies among others. The main academic theories applicable in the media industry include mathematical, physics, social, political and legal theories. Human resource academic knowledge is very important in the running of any company. News Corporation has over 50,000 employees of different academic background and skills. It requires appropriate human resource knowledge to manage such work place diversity to ensure the media group maintains its large pool of customers and stakeholders. The company’s human resource teams are Masters Degrees holders in human resources in addition to their vast experiences. Further more; appropriate human resource academic knowledge would help the corporation make appropriate decisions when entering partnership deals with other companies. The essence of knowing the existing work place diversity would determine the lacking skills and professional to be hired. Academic knowledge could be associated with good leadership skills based on equality and this would enable the corporation maintain its customers and other stakeholders. Human resources and business leadership principles could of great help in these situations (Slaughter, 2004). The media group ventures in news papers where appropriate writing skills and English mastery is a plus. Good writing and language skills are associated with good academics. Further more, the newspapers team comprise of researchers who have to engage good data collection methods before publishing. Academics theories enable the researchers understand the social, cultural and religious values of an individual so that whatever information required from him does not violate any of his or her rights. Not every info rmation obtained from the community is worth being published; some news or information could evoke violence if not well handled, and academic theories provide several media acts and policies to govern the industry. Any editor or columnist ought to fully understand such laws to keep a smile in their newspapers’ readers among other stake holders. The corporation ventures in satellite TV channels. A lot of technological knowledge and skills are applied in the industry. For instance, the employees involved need to understand the frequency and wave bands of the satellite signals before they are converted to normal waves so that such channels can be watched by millions of people. News Corporation satellite TV channels are the most quality in the entire Europe and other parts of America. The media group is associated with sophisticated machineries and telecommunication gadgets like dishes, decoders, GPS among other equipment. Such machineries and gadgets require good technological s kills to be operated. The corporation so far has the widest pool of TV demand in the entire world. Quality TV channels due to good academic knowledge would not only maintain the existing customers but attract more. Physics, mathematical and electrical theories play great role in such incidences. The corporation is associated with

Romantic Love: An analysis of Andrew Sullivan?s Article :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people want to have a romantic love in their life; however, romance is such abstract feeling so that we do not know whether it exists or not. In many cases, we can find that romantic love do exist in varieties of movie, song, and even books. Therefore, some people do believe that romantic love exists, and they feel that romantic love does not seem to be abstract. For example, we can find in many movies that the main male character sees the main female character, and then all of a sudden, he realizes that she is the one he wants to be with for the rest of his life, and vice versa. We also can find the same scenes in numerous of songs and books. After all of these movies, songs, and books, we seem to be hypnotized; there is such thing as we called â€Å"romantic love.† In the American Heritage Dictionary, romantic is defined â€Å"expressive of or conducive to love.† However, what is love? According to the American Heritage Dictionary, love is de fined as deep affection and warm feeling for another. Besides this one, love also have another definition such as, the emotion of sex and romance; strong sexual desire for another person. The ideal romantic love—expressive of deep affection and warm feeling for another—is what we’ve been taught the true meaning of romantic love is. But according to the American Heritage Dictionary, romantic love can also mean the expressive of strong sexual desire for another person. It comes down to one question—Does the ideal romantic love really exist or not. According to Andrew Sullivan in the Love Bloat: Why Obsess Over Romance?, there is not such thing called romantic love as we idealized, and his opinion about romantic love is right; there is not such thing called romantic love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Love Bloat: Why Obsess Over Romance?, Sullivan says that the concept of romantic love is crock by any serious person before the 19th century. And Sullivan applies Shakespeare’s idea of love—it comes; it goes. If taken too seriously, it kills. Sullivan also gives some his idea of what relationships truly are, and which are useful economic bargains. Sullivan uses Rousseau as another support for his opinion about romantic love; Rousseau saw bourgeois love as a salve for the empty emotional center of restrained, law-bound societies. Rousseau wanted to substitute the passion of people for truth and honor and power with something just as absorbing but nowhere near as dangerous.

Cultural Wedding Ceremony Comparison

Every country has their own way of marrying two people that want to spend the rest of their life together. Each has their own unique ritual of how they go about a wedding ceremony. African and Chinese cultures both have very intriguing ways of how they proceed with their ceremony. It is found that there are many differences between the two of these cultures. This is a result of their own independent beliefs and traditions which causes them to go about their own unique ritual, although there are few similarities between the two countries. In the Chinese culture the wedding date is chosen based upon astrological signs and birthdates.Every Chinese ceremony commences on the half an hour which is the belief that will guarantee good fortune for the new couple. The night before wedding day the bride is bathed in citrus-infused water in another belief that it will cleanse her of her evil influences. This is the only way in which the two ceremonies are similar because they both consist of the bride being bathed before the wedding, although which is done in their own individual style. The bride in a Chinese wedding will be seen wearing three different dresses throughout wedding day.These dresses include a traditional white dress, a traditional Chinese bridal dress, and a cocktail dress. Also the groom will be placed through a series Mitchell2 of tests and stunts to prove that he is worthy to claim his future wife. When the bride arrives at the grooms’ home she is always greeted with firecrackers, gongs, and is forced to jump over an iron basin lit with charcoal to represent prosperity and to again cleanse of all evil spirits. The Chinese culture with also uphold their traditional tea ceremony. The bride will serve tea to her parents as a sign of respect.The Chinese wedding ceremony is always filled with symbolism. Their ceremony represents a ladder that the new couple will climb to success. On the other hand the African wedding ceremony is a tradition that stems a ll the way back to the days of slavery when slaves were not allowed to marry. Their marriage ceremony is a ritual well-known as â€Å"jumping the broom†. This ritual was created to represent the beginning of their new life together. The new couple will jump over a broom at the same time and are pronounced married after they have done so. The broom is often decorated with ribbon and tulle.On wedding day the bridesmaids bathe the bride in hammam before dressing her previous to the ceremony. During a libation ceremony a prayer is said and an elder presents water and liquor as an offering to god and their ancestors for their blessing. Then the groom will ask permission from the brides’ mother to marry her daughter while presenting her father with gifts to symbolize his ability to care. Another tradition is the tasting of the four elements during the ceremony. The four elements consist of lemon for sour, vinegar for bitter, cayenne for hot, and honey for sweet. The four tas tes are a symbol of the different moods of married life.Sometimes tribes will mound the couples’ wrists with plaited grass when walking down the aisle, and others just hold hands. Mitchell3 The difference between these two countries with their ceremonies represents their freedom of independent beliefs, which leads to separate traditions. Although, the similarities between the two ceremonies are also intriguing. Both wedding rituals consist of a lot of symbolism. Most of the symbolism that is present for both cultures also represents their beliefs, and every time their beliefs are symbolized is how their cultures are shown to be unique.

Disadvantages Of Police Discretion - 835 Words

Assignment 2 Discretion can be defined as the availability of choice of options or actions. We all use discretion each and every day with all the decisions we make in our day to day lives. With that being said police also use discretion but theirs have the ability to change people’s lives on the daily basis. They have to make those decisions each and every day not knowing how it will affect the person’s life. Discretion is something that is a very necessary part of police work. One of the reason it is mainly exercised is because of all the vague and ill- defined laws that we have in our country. Although most instances when police discretion is being used the violations are minor. Another why police discretion is much needed is because if†¦show more content†¦Police can also use discretion in a very positive manner as well. There was a case in London when a man was shoplifting out of a Kroger and the police officer got the call but when got there he saw the man was stealing baby formula. It turned out that he was stealing for his six-month-old son, who was with him at the time. The officer said Me citing him for court wouldn t have done any good for him, he said. He s already short on money, can t afford formula, so me making him appear in court, he s still not going to have any food for that baby. To me that was an excellent example of discretion used with restraint and not only did he not arrest the man he actually bought him the formula and informed him about how he could get help to get things like that. I feel like that would be totally wrong to arrest someone for committing that crime. The officer also said I think when [a lot of people] look at us, they see just the uniform and just the car, just the tools that we have on our belt, Roby said. But behind the uniform, I m a human being and I m a person out in this community just like any of them. I have a little boy. I m a father just like that gentleman was.† That is the way I feel all officers should think before they do certain actions towards a citizen. Because they do notShow MoreRelatedThe Decision Making Of Criminal Justice Actors806 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze large data. These two different methods brought out important but different perspectives into discretion research. Kane (2005) used a macro level approach to look at police legitimacy and predicting violent crime. The researcher used consistent measures of previous research on structural disadvantage to conceptualize the measurement (Krivo and Peterson 1996). This study used the New York City Police Department and the United States Census bureau data sources. The data was from a retrospective andRead MoreDiscretion Of The Criminal Justice System1509 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion, undoubtedly plays a massive role and is implemented in various aspects of the system. But what is discretion? Discretion, as defined in Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, is merely the freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision. As significant part of the criminal justice system in Canada, being a police officers â€Å"involves the use of a significant amount of discretion† (McKillop Pfeifer, 2004) . Due to the portrayal of the police byRead MorePolice Discre tion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MoreEssay On Police Discretion1053 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subject’s social status and financial status in the community have also haveRead MorePolicing Is The Primary Component Of The Criminal Justice System1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthe primary component of the criminal justice system. The police have a constitutional duty to enforce the law, provide the public with safety and security and maintain order in the society. They are seen as an authority figure who has considerable control over it s citizens. The police also have a duty to arrest people who break the law or commit an offense and in doing so, they help keep the justice system in a functional state. The police does not determine the guilt or innocence of an individualRead MoreThe Significance Of Statutory Interpretation1433 Words   |  6 Pagespublic toilet by the police officers. However, Under The Town Police Clauses Act 1847 , stated that they must be a passenger. On the other hand, The Public Health Amendment Act 1902, stated that the word, ‘street’ could mean any public places under the control of local authority which were the police officers. The Police Clauses Act stated the word, ‘passenger’ could h ave different meanings but, in this case they believed that it could mean a, ‘foot passenger’ also, the police were not travellingRead MoreThe Usefulness of Ocs in Measuring Crime1380 Words   |  6 Pages(OCS). OCS is the crimes which are reported by the victim, and then further recorded by the Police. Not all crimes are recorded by the Police, which lead to a dark figure in the overall collected OCS. To avoid dark figures there are other methods to measure crime and deviance. OCS is a police recorded measure of crime. One could argue that the police play a key role in how much crime there is in society. Police dispersal is much greater, and targets extra resources in particular localities, such asRead MoreHow Local Law Enforcement Has Used Grant Dollars1363 Words   |  6 Pagesactually need. Because there’s a big difference between our military and local law enforcement and we don t want those lines blurred. That would be contrary to our traditions.† This is all too familiar nowadays. Police Militarization has appeared to have gone too far in local and state police officers. To combat the war on drugs in 1971 President Richard Nixon declared the war on drugs causing a dramatic increase in federal agencies both in size and presence. It wasn’t until 1997 when the 1033 programRead MoreAuthority And Judgement Of Police Discretion1892 Words   |  8 PagesBhote 1 Tenzing Bhote Professor Shawn Hill AJ 101 16 April, 2016 Power of Law â€Å"Discretion has the meaning of acting on one s own authority and judgement. In law, discretion as to legal rulings, such as whether evidence is excluded at a trial, may be exercised by a judge. Some view discretion negatively, while some view it positively. Discretion is at all levels of law enforcement.† Discretion is a ubiquitous and legitimate aspect of modern policing, though it’s scope and limits are poorly understoodRead MorePolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discuss

Essay about Marketing Plans - 2356 Words

Marketing Plans In a market, there are buyers, and these buyers are different in one way or another in most cases. These buyers can differ in needs, wants, location, buying behavior, and resources. To make the best marketing plan a marketer can come up with he must first find his niche or his target market. In order to market your product or service efficiently, it is imperative that you tailor your marketing and sales efforts to specifically reach the segment of population that will most likely buy your product or service. It is critical that before anything else; first determine or clearly identify your primary market. By doing so, the firms energies and funds then can be spent more efficiently†¦show more content†¦Fixed Variables such as: geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation, are assessed, divided and mixed; the variables are analyzed together, separately, and in a number of different combinations to come up with the best mix for the most viable target group. But before going there, we must see first the importance of market segmentation. II. Market Segmentation It is in market segmentation where the marketer starts to choose the best way of selling their products, and the best people to sell to. This being mainly because of the fact, that not all consumers will have the same or equal appeal and interest to the organizations products and services. All buyers /consumers have their own specific needs and wants. Moreover, there are numerous consumers with various characteristics and they are scattered all across the country. Ideally organizations should cater to consumers specific wants and demands but this practice will use up too much of the companys profit for it to remain profitable. Not all companies can serve the entire market and company resources should be maximized by concentrating marketing resources on a well defined group rather than on individuals. This is especially important to small business who can compete, and operate more profitably byShow MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesth e governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carryRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Small Business2998 Words   |  12 Pagesin detail. †¢ The benefits of TQM when implementing the strategic plan to meet goals or increasing profit within a small business. †¢ The economy’s motivation of small businesses stability as compared to large businesses that are well established, also the financial assistance of other organization including the government. †¢ Different categories of a company and the importance of CRM to any size business. †¢ To compare the marketing plan of a small business and a large business where it reflects theRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreMarketing Plan3248 Words   |  13 PagesSAMPLE MARKETING PLAN The following pages contain an annotated sample marketing plan for Blue Sky Clothing. At some point in your career, you will likely be involved in writing—or at least contributing to –a marketing plan. And you’ll certainly read many marketing plans throughout your business career. Keep in mind that the plan for Blue Sky is a single example; no one format is used by all companies. Also, the Blue Sky plan has been somewhat condensed to make it easier to annotate and illustrateRead MoreMarketing Plan4753 Words   |  20 Pagesresponsible firm by highlighting its products based on ecotourism, community tourism and sustainable tourism. 2. Situation Analysis Blaze Mountain travels and Tours has been operating for several years now. The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. Blaze Mountain travels and tours offer concepts like ecotourism and sustainable tourism to older tourists and hard adventure trips to the student tourists. This target market appreciatesRead MoreMarketing Plan3688 Words   |  15 PagesSITUATION ANALYSIS The marketing environment for LIMCOMA represents overwhelming opportunities. It also contains some challenges that the firm believes it can meet successfully. An illustration below shows a SWOT analysis of the company to highlight LIMCOMA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths LIMCOMA’S dedicated founders understand the target market and products. LIMCOMA has achieved distribution in several markets with quick acceptance The firm has a very littleRead MoreMarketing Plan3847 Words   |  16 PagesA marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization s overall marketing efforts. A marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix, which is outlined in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics (P. Kotler, K.L. Keller). In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look atRead MoreMarketing Planning : The Marketing Plan Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesTo attract mixed segment ther is need to marketing planning is indeed the key to the whole marketing process. The marketing objectives state just where the company intends to be; at some specific time in the future. James Quinn succinctly defined objectives in general as: Goals state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, but they do not state how the results are to be achieved. They typically relate to what products will be where in what market. They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base